CEBU CITY – Localization od disaster aid in the
Philippines is slow and there is too much reliance on international
actors/assistance within its disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change
adaptation (CCA) system, a study by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) said.
HHI researchers warned that a continued
reliance on international aid agencies means the Philippines is not realizing
its full potential for using local organizations to bolster its DRR and CCA
system.
According to HHI Resilient Communities program
director Vincenzo Bollettino that local community-based organizations (CBOs)
and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as national and
local government units are best positioned to respond to disasters.
The study published on October 29 involved
face-to-face and online surveys from 2017 to 2019 and a network mapping among
501 international and local organizations with disaster and climate-related
projects in the Philippines.
Participants
were NGOs, CBOs or people’s organizations (POs), local government units (LGUs),
government agencies, schools or research institutions, faith-based
organizations, private organizations or companies, and affiliates of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
(Network map of surveyed humanitarian actors working on disaster preparedness and resilience in the Philippines. | HHI/Root Change )
“Our research points to the continued central
networked role international aid agencies play in the Philippine disaster
system. Further progress is needed to ensure that local agencies are empowered
to respond without international support,” Bollettino said in a statement.
HHI,
Harvard University’s humanitarian research center said that the findings of
their study suggest that there is “preferential attachment” toward
international actors within the Philippine DRR system. International
actors were found to be the top “influencers” or those well-connected
organizations that spread information quickly across the network.
They were also cited by most network actors as
the top “brokers” or those that facilitate interaction between big and small
actors in the system. International
actors along with the government were found to be the top “collaboration hubs”
or those connecting local organizations that otherwise would be disconnected
within the larger system, the survey said.
Survey said that they were also the top
“resource hubs” or those to whom other actors seek expertise from, according to
the survey preferential attachment is a common phenomenon that can occur in
humanitarian aid systems, where existing system actors are more likely to
associate with organizations that have the most links and connections, and
opportunities for funding.
“Unsurprisingly, when international agencies
set up operations, they quickly become the target of preferential attachment by
local actors,” HHI said.
The network actors’ preference to collaborate
with international actors rather than local actors can have initial positive
effects, as seen in the Philippines but such behavior can build a dependency on
international actors and can pose threats to the sustainability of the local
DRR system, HHI added.
The study also found out that the potential
risks of preferential attachment toward international actors is present in the
Philippines. Out of 387 actors that had
relationships with other actors in the network, only 15 percent or 59 were international
actors. But when removed, the total
relationships between actors were reduced to 1,905 from 3,146, losing 39-percent
of relationships.
The loss of these international actors also
made 41 local actors “isolates” or having no connections to the rest of the
network.
International actors were found to have more
relationships with sub-national than national actors which is an indication
that they have the potential to reach local levels. Most of the relationships though are between
international and sub-national actors with 87-percent were from sub-national
actors to international actors rather than the other way around, the study
said.
This suggests that the flow of information,
technical assistance, and resources was top-down. “This kind of network behavior demonstrates a
weakness in the resilience of the local system and local actors’ ability to
maintain coordination and collaboration when international actors withdraw
their support,” Bollettino said.
HHI survey described sub-national actors as
local organizations who work only within a specific locality or region, while
national actors are local organizations who work throughout the country, but a shift
in the role of international actors within the system is expected over time.
According to HHI that it is common for
international actors to eventually transfer their roles of fostering local
system connectivity to a range of emerging local leaders at all levels. This
process is called “localization,” and it puts local actors in the forefront and
support them to lead humanitarian efforts.
“Eventually, we would want to see more local
to local ties fostered between sub-national and national actors, government,
and other local institutions,” Bollettino said.
HHI’s study was conducted in cooperation with
international non-profit organization Root Change and HHI has been conducting
research and training projects on disaster and climate resilience and
humanitarian leadership in the Philippines since 2015. (Photos: Google/PH disasters)